Which two primary methods are used for post-remediation verification?

The two primary methods used for post-remediation verification focus on assessing the cleanliness and safety of a site after trauma or crime scene cleanup. Swab testing is a widely accepted method, as it involves taking samples from surfaces to detect any remaining contaminants, including biological materials. This method is essential for ensuring that pathogens or hazardous substances have been effectively removed.

ATP testing, or Adenosine Triphosphate testing, measures the amount of ATP present, which is indicative of biological material, including bacteria, on surfaces. This method provides immediate results and can effectively indicate the level of cleanliness. The combination of swab testing and ATP testing allows for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the cleaning process, ensuring that all contaminants have been addressed and the area is safe for re-occupancy.

While the other methods mentioned in the choices involve various forms of testing, they either lack the necessary wide applicability or the immediate feedback that swab and ATP testing provide. Thus, the correct answer emphasizes the effectiveness and usefulness of these two methods in verifying that all remediation efforts have been successful.